Air Pollution in Delhi NCR : A Growing Concern and Its Impact on Public Health

Delhi, the capital of India, faces a severe air pollution crisis that worsens every year, especially during the winter months. Known for its high levels of Particulate Matter  toxic emissions, and harmful gases, Delhi NCR consistently ranks among the most polluted cities in the world. This growing environmental issue not only affects the air quality but also poses significant risks to public health.  

What Causes Air Pollution?

Air pollution occurs when harmful substances, including gases, chemicals, and particulate matter (PM), are released into the atmosphere. While natural events like wildfires and dust storms contribute to air pollution, human activities are the leading cause. Key contributors include:

• Vehicular Emissions: Exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases significant amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), which are major pollutants.

• Industrial Emissions: Factories and power plants emit harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon dioxide (CO2), contributing to both air pollution and climate change.

• Construction Dust: In fast-developing cities, construction activities release dust , which further deteriorates air quality.

• Agricultural Activities: The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and burning of crop residue, as seen in Delhi’s neighbouring states during the post-harvest season, increases levels of airborne pollutants

• Fireworks & Crackers : This is also a contributor during Diwali time for increased pollution and high AQI (air quality index) in Delhi NCR and worsening the air quality levels

Health Impacts of Air Pollution

Air pollution has severe and long-lasting impacts on public health. Prolonged exposure to high levels of pollutants can lead to a range of diseases, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions.

1. Respiratory Diseases: High levels of particulate matter, particularly PM 2.5, are directly linked to respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

2. Cardiovascular Problems: Studies show a correlation between air pollution and an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure due to the inhalation of harmful pollutants.

3. Premature Deaths: According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, air pollution is responsible for over a million premature deaths annually in India. In Delhi alone, it is estimated that air pollution contributes to large number of premature deaths each year.

4. Child Health: The rise in respiratory issues among children in Delhi is alarming, with studies showing a decline in lung function and increased cases of asthma in children exposed to high pollution levels.

Possible Solutions to Tackle Air Pollution in Delhi NCR

While emergency measures like GRAP provide short-term relief, long-term solutions are crucial to address the root causes of Delhi’s air pollution. Here are some strategies that can help:

1. Electric Vehicles (EVs): Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce vehicular emissions in Delhi. The government has already begun offering subsidies for EVs and plans to expand charging infrastructure across the city.

2. Transition to Renewable Energy: Shifting away from coal-based power plants to renewable sources like solar and wind energy can reduce the industrial emissions that contribute to Delhi’s air pollution.

3. Afforestation and Green Spaces: Expanding green spaces and increasing urban forests can help absorb pollutants, reduce dust, and improve overall air quality.

4. Crop Residue Management: To prevent stubble burning, it is crucial to provide farmers with access to crop residue management technologies. Government incentives and awareness campaigns can encourage farmers to adopt sustainable practices.

5. Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the importance of reducing emissions, following eco-friendly practices, and supporting pollution control measures can help create collective action towards cleaner air.